History of the discovery of the atomic bomb || invention of atomic bomb

Albert Einstein's name will be unforgettable in the history of science. In 1905 AD he created some revolutionary ideas in the world of human thought. One of these concepts was the exchange of mass and energy. His famous equation is, E=mc2. Here energy by E is denoted mass by m and velocity of light per second by c. That is, if the mass of matter is multiplied by the square of the speed of light, the energy obtained is the bound energy of that amount of matter.

We know that the speed of light is 300 million meters per second i.e. 186000 miles. So if even a very small amount of matter is multiplied by a square of 30 crores then it is not very difficult to calculate the huge amount of energy that will be obtained. If you don't understand its meaning then and later people understand its meaning properly.

Two thousand years ago, the Greek philosopher Democritus introduced the concept of the atom. atom is an English word with atoms per word. Which can no longer be divided. According to Democritus, ‘ the only existing matter on Earth is atoms and vacuum, and everything else is just opinion.

In the 19th century, John Dalton revived the idea of atomic structure of matter. After much criticism of Dalton's theory, Becquerel, Pierre Curie and Marie Curie scientists discovered radioactive elements, Thomson's discovery of electrons, and the practice of radioactive rays emitted from uranium, radium, and thorium, there was no room for doubt that the composition of matter was truly atomic. Later scientist Rutherford discovered a model of the atom. Where he says there is a center of atom called nucleus. The nucleus consists of positively charged protons and charge neutral neutrons. And outside the nucleus there are negatively charged electrons in the circular orbital path. Electrons are always rotating. 99.975 percent of the total mass of atoms is located in this nucleus. Its average density is about 3x10000000000000 kg per cubic centimeter. Expressing the unit of energy E=mc2 as the atom's mass is less than the total mass of protons, neutrons and electrons, the element of the atom, we find the coupling energy of the atom.

In 1938, two German chemists named Ottohan and Strassmann succeeded in breaking down the atom of element uranium 235. As a result, there was an uproar all over the world. In a session on 27 December 1938, Bohr announced to scientists the breakdown of the atom and its explanation. Before the end of Bor's speech, several of the audience quickly left the meeting room and reported the matter to their respective laboratories over the phone. Within days, scientists from Washington's Carnage Institution and Columbia Ambology recognized the discovery of the Hanstrasmen. Because the key to building an atomic bomb was rooted in this discovery. The process of periodic division of certain heavy atoms one after the other is called a homogenous process. This neutrin, easily captured by fission elements, causes the next phase of division and thus continues. 

This process is used in nuclear bombs. Initiating a process needed to produce nuclear energy or weapons called homogenization. If the urinium nucleus is divided into roughly equal parts, only if one or more neutrons are emitted, it is possible to cause a similar reaction. In 1939, Joliot Curie and his colleagues showed that neutrons came out when uranium nuclei broke down. Jhelard and Fermi were aware of the deadly possibilities and consequences of this discovery. As a result, Jhelard and Fermi did not reveal the secret of breaking uranium beforehand and forbade Joliot and Curie to reveal it. But Jolio and Currie understood the opposite. They thought Jhelard and Fermi would reveal it before them. In contemporary times, the French were far ahead of others in their pursuit of a common reaction. So Jolio and Currie rejected the secrecy. On April 15, 1939, an article by Jhelard and his colleagues was published in Physical Revue. Number of nitrons released in uranium nucleus division after a week. A new article by French scientists titled 'The Nature' was published in the magazine. The report mentioned that the average number of neutrons is between 3 and 4. French scientists quickly accepted 5 patents and introduced their pioneering status. The pennant mentioned the ratio of urinium and moderator to be inserted and their homogeneity and asymmetry arrangement in the insert. It was proposed to use beryllium, graphite, water, and heavy water as moderators for the neutron deceleration emitted in the fission. A number of ways were discussed to control the same reaction, and several methods of how to collect the heat generated were also described in the patent. The technique of easily fission materials like uranium 235, which explode and cause a rapid neutron reaction, is called an atomic bomb.

World War II began in late 1939. A few months before the start of the war, French scientists took several steps to produce nuclear bombs and energy. Within days of the start of the war, Hitler announced that Germany had a formidable secret weapon that no one knew how to stop or destroy. The then British government requested scientist Chadwick to investigate the source of the power of Hitler's secret weapon. Chadwick in his report told the British government that such a bomb could be made if 1 to 30 tons of uranium could be added. But Otto Fries and Rudolf Peierls scientists calculated that if pure uranium 235 element is used instead of natural uranium, then 1 to 30 tons of uranium is not needed, but only a few pounds of uranium can cause explosion. But the problem is that scientists were not yet aware of the strategy to separate the uranium 235 isotope. 

However, the British government commissioned Roofwick to make bombs. He is accompanied by Otto Fries and Rudolf Peierls. Among the Jewish scientists who left Germany with Hitler's seizure of power are Peierls, Einstein, Jhelard, Bigner, Taylor. Interestingly, it was the expatriate scientists who convinced the British and the United States of the possibility of developing a nuclear bomb. Later, the British government formed the Thomson Committee with Oliphant, Thomson and Blackett scientists. This Thomson Committee later became the Maud Committee. This committee unequivocally recommended “. In the opinion of this committee, the plan to make a nuclear bomb is realistic and the usefulness of this bomb in achieving the final results of the war is undeniable. Two other homeless Hungarian scientists, Jhelard and Edward Taylor, encouraged the United States to develop nuclear bombs. As the US government did not listen to them, the two of them went to Einstein and requested him to write to President Roosevelt and explain the matter. Einstein later wrote several letters to Roosevelt. Roosevelt also realized that if Hitler could make this bomb, it would be all apocalyptic. So Roosevelt ordered his secretary to take action on the matter.

Secretary Watson formed a three-member Briggs Committee. Meanwhile, the Second World War has started in full swing. America was still not involved in the war. During this period, Britain completed a draft nuclear bomb program. From this draft it became clear that the possibility of developing militarily useful weapons during the war period was bright. The recommendations of the United States Briggs Committee and the National Academy have not yet progressed so far. Based on the report of Britain's Maud Committee, Roosevelt was able to convince Roosevelt that nuclear weapons could be made with the help of separated uranium 235 elements with the help of aerial diffusion. The art of making nuclear bombs began to be exchanged between Britain and America. At the same time, the work of collecting the techniques of making nuclear bombs also started with the allies of America and Britain. Roosevelt wrote a letter to Churchill to provide Britain with knowledge of technology. Britain was the foremost pioneer in the development of nuclear bombs between the United States and Britain. But within a year, the United States had left Britain far behind in developing nuclear bombs. How far behind Britain was can be understood by looking at an American bomb-making budget.

38 million dollars for centrifuge plant to separate element uranium 235, unlimited dollars for aerial diffusion plant, 12 million dollars for electromagnetic separation, 25 million dollars for plutonium pile production and 3 million dollars for heavy water production. In this way, the two allies of the Second World War, Britain and the United States, took the initiative of dropping the atomic bomb, leaving the third ally, Russia, in complete darkness. Of course, it should be known that neither Britain nor the United States takes a very close look at Bolshevik Russia. Therefore, their behavior was undesirable but not unexpected.

Just as the head falls when the ear is pulled, in any discussion about the atomic bomb, the topic of ‘heavy water will come up. But this heavy water object is as rare as we are strangers . We know that water is a compound substance in which one molecule contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom . Earlier, regarding the discussion of uranium element, I mentioned that uranium exists in three isotope states, uranium 234, uranium 235 and uranium 238. Proteum, deuterium exist in nature in two isotope states of hydrogen element. Proteum has a mass number of 1.00782u. Proteum accounts for 99.985 percent of the hydrogen present in nature. But only 0.015 percent of hydrogen exists in the isotopic state called deuterium and has a mass of 2.0140u. So we can call proteum light hydrogen and deuterium heavy hydrogen. Our most familiar water molecules contain proteum and oxygen. But the molecules of the heavy water we mentioned contain deuterium and oxygen. That is why it is called heavy water. This heavy water is an expensive element in the production of nuclear energy or weapons.

Since the outbreak of World War II, four organizations have been conducting research for the purpose of developing nuclear power or weapons for a few years. The Thomson Committee of Britain, the College de France team led by Frederick Zwallio of France, the German team and the Biggs Committee of the United States. The French were the pioneers among these four groups in research aimed at developing nuclear power and bombs. A final conclusion could not be reached from the experiment that the French team had already conducted using graphite as a moderator. So they decided to use heavy water as regulator or moderator. In the early 1940s, heavy water was being produced industrially only in Rukan, Norway. French scientists were able to convince the French Minister of Arms that it was very important to seize Norway's heavy water reserves.

The news that the French received before preparing in this regard is quite frightening. Intelligence revealed that the Germans were not only trying to buy the entire stockpile of Norwegian factories, but were also trying to contract with them for more and more regular heavy water supplies. A young Frenchman named Lt. Jacques Allier came forward to deal with such a complex situation. Alia was a successful businessman. He was assigned as an officer in a special branch of the French Intelligence Agency. He explained everything the French knew about German nuclear research to Alia's Minister of Arms. But apart from this knowledge his quality was more important as the bank he was a member of had great financial investment in Norsk Hydro Company. And this hydro company was the owner of Rukan heavy water factory. Alia left Paris for Oslo in early March 1980. On the way he took three members of their intelligence agency with him from Stockholm. The Director General of the Norsk Hydro factory was Dr. Axel Ubert. On reaching Oslo, he immediately met Ubert. The Germans had established contact with Ubert before Aliar. But when Ubert asked the Germans for what purpose they needed heavy water, he was suspicious of their answers. Alia was able to do what the Germans could not do even if they tried in advance with her intelligence and skill. That is, within a few days, an agreement was signed between them.

According to the agreement, 185 kilograms of heavy water stored with Norway was seized by the French. At that time the Second World War was going on fiercely. The French were worried about how to bring heavy water containers from Norway because the German soldiers kept a close eye on these heavy water containers. It was initially planned that twenty-six containers of heavy water would be brought to France by submarine. But later he withdrew from this decision again. With dust in the eyes of the Germans, Alia and her colleagues airlifted twenty-six containers full of heavy water to Edinburgh, Scotland. From there these containers were again shipped to London.

On March 16, Alia and her colleagues returned to Paris. He brought with him all the heavy water stored in the world at that time. These heavy water containers are kept underground in a college warehouse. Also, a roof was built over the warehouse that could not damage even a thousand pounds of bombs.

Germany invaded France on May 10, 1940. The Germans entered the interior of France and advanced rapidly. The fall of the French government is imminent. In a situation when defeat was very near, the French Minister of Arms, Dutri Nana Jamela, did not forget about this expensive heavy water. Faced with defeat, he felt that this was the substance that would one day restore the status of the French. He ordered Julio Curie to take measures to prevent these from being done by the enemy. Joliè Curie ordered Holban to first take them to Mont d'Or in central France and then later to Clairmont Ferrand to secure the ark of the Bank de France. Holban started the journey with his family by picking up heavy water containers, some radium, and valuable documents in a motor vehicle. The next day, he reached the city of Rium. Holban fixed his equipment in a small house there. His real need was flowing water. Many scientists of his team, including Joliot Curie, were present there. They continued to carry out minor research on the development of atomic bombs. Suddenly one day, Alia came and told that the enemy was advancing very fast, so the French government ordered to move the heavy water containers to another country. Heavy water containers were taken to the port in a car. Arriving at the port, Holban and Korsky found a simple British ship called Broompark. Served on this ship with the 20th Earl of Suffolk. All the sailors on the Suffolk ship were drunk. On that occasion, heavy water containers were admitted to the ship. They suspected that if the ship was bombed, their plans would be busy. So they tied the pots tightly to a wooden raft and lifted them into the ship. Finally, with the imminent impact of many bombs, Broompark came to the south bank of Cornwall and stayed safe. From there, they reached London.

Niels Bohr could not gain world fame like Einstein. His fame was limited to Europe and the scientific circles of the time. But it is almost indisputable that he is one of the brightest astrologers in theoretical physics. After the division of the uranium nucleus by Hahn and Straussmann, the creation of the atomic bomb was mainly based on Bohr's theory of division. It was known that three different isotopes of uranium exist in such a mixed state that it is almost difficult to distinguish them. 99 percent of this mixture is uranium 238. Seven of the 1,000 uranium nuclei are uranium 235. According to Bohr's number, this rare uranium 235 isotope is fissionable. If a neutron enters a nucleus with an odd mass number like the uranium 235 isotope, it will become an even mass number and break into two parts. If the blocked neutron converts the even mass number into an odd mass number, the neutron will be stored in the nucleus and the nucleus will not break easily. Bohr's theoretical prediction was soon supported by experiments. It was clearly understood that the rare uranium 235 isotope is mainly fissionable with neutrons. Bohr's theory of nuclear breakdown was published in 1939 AD.

World war had not yet started. Ever since the outbreak of war, the situation has changed rapidly. Since 1940, he has been isolated from all nuclear weapons initiatives held in Britain and America. In early 1943, he received a letter through the Danish resistance in the Nazi-occupied homeland. This letter was an invitation letter written by Chadwick, England. Influenced by British intelligence, Chadwick wrote this letter. He invited Bor to come to England. Chadwick wrote that there is no second scientist in the world like you who would be more acceptable to our university and the general public. The letter also hinted that Bohr's knowledge of a few things might be useful to them, although the issues were not clearly mentioned. Bohr said he was unable to accept the invitation. Because it is absolutely necessary to stay in his country to protect the foreign scientists who came out of Hitler's grip and took refuge here. But he understood the points mentioned in the letter. He told Roofwick, ‘Above all, according to my knowledge, I am sure that the future prospects of the recent amazing discoveries in nuclear science are bright but their immediate use is difficult. In September 1943, he was warned that he and his family might be arrested. The Danish resistance drove him to Sweden that night. The matter was reported to Britain. He was later brought to England and kept safe and completely unidentified. There he was informed about the progress of making atomic bombs in the last two years.

Most of the scientific politicians and military people focused on the impact of nuclear weapons on the current war. Bohr's response is completely different. Bohr was the first to achieve the long-term results of nuclear weapons. This success would end the current war if the Allies were on the brink of success in building nuclear weapons. There is really nothing to discuss about this. But what happens after Bor's question? The Russians will also increase their efforts to develop the same weapons. Bohr's opinion is that the Russians should be informed of the arms development initiative now, without specifying the details. Otherwise, the nuclear arms race will inevitably begin from mutual suspicion in the post-war world.

First atomic bomb test: 

Britain's ‘tube alloy’ company was formed in 1941 AD to build an atomic bomb. And for the same purpose, the Manhattan Project of the United States government was established in 1942. In this one-year gap, important changes occur in the world situation. In 1941, the United States entered World War II as one of its allies. Before joining the war, the attitude of the US government and most American scientists about nuclear weapons was like the proverb ‘dhari fish na chui pani’. But the sudden attack by the Japanese at Pearl Harbor caused a drastic change in the attitude of the US government. They take up the nuclear weapons development project on a military basis and employ sufficient resources to implement the project. The theoretical and practical complications that led to the rapid transformation of the situation that a few years ago, even many of the greatest scientists were confident of the possibility of developing nuclear weapons. The obstacles that caused these initial dilemmas were resolved before the start of the Manhattan Project. So the two needs that became key to success in developing nuclear weapons were strong political decisions and ensuring adequate resource supply. The British government was not able to meet these two needs. What Britain could not do, the US government did with enthusiasm. And it is for this purpose that the famous or infamous project called, 'Manhattan Project' was created.

After burning a lot of wood and straw, preparations for a nuclear explosion finally ended in 1945. Now only field testing is required. The first atomic bomb test was codenamed Trinity. From this naming, it can be understood that General Groves, the leader of the Manhattan Project, and his advisers lacked all the other human qualities, but there was no shortage of humor. According to Christianity, the word Trinity means God consisting of three forms of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

General Groves approved Alamogordo Air Base, 120 miles from Los Alamos, as a suitable location for the test. Although the site was quite remote and isolated, a fabricated story was circulated to the confusion of the other that an unexpected explosion had occurred in the stored goods at this air base.

Plutonium needed for the first atomic bomb reached Los Alamos in early July. At noon on July 12, this precious object was transferred to Alamogordo.

A few hours later, a row of cars carrying the non-nuclear parts headed towards the destination. The destination is the uninhabited desert area where a 100 feet metal tower was constructed for this purpose. The next day the isolated parts were properly embedded in a tent placed at the base of this tower. By evening everything was ready, all that was left was to insert the explosive solution.

The next morning the bomb was hoisted onto a platform on the tower. All preparations were completed by 5 pm. The exam time is fixed on July 16, four and a half hours before sunrise, i.e., at 2.30 am. This time was changed shortly before midnight on July 15. At three o'clock in the night Groves and Oppenheimer noticed that the sky was overcast. Due to which he postponed the time again. The time is finally fixed at 5:30 am i.e., one hour before sunrise. The five men who were sitting in the tower and completing the last minute work were ordered to leave the place at 5 am. Each of them got down and left the dangerous area in their respective cars. Large floodlights were lit to illuminate the tower and the object above it. The main camp is located just seventeen thousand yards from the tower. Ten minutes after General Groves returned to this camp, the final count began. As the time gap began to decrease from minute to second, the amount of fear and anxiety began to increase rapidly. Everyone in this camp was aware of the possibility of delirium of what was going to happen in an instant. Scientists felt that their calculations were accurate, and that the explosion of the bomb was inevitable. But at the same time, there was a strong doubt hidden in everyone's mind. As the count on the radio was moving towards zero in 10, 9, 8, he stood still like a wood on a pole. As soon as the word 'now' was uttered in the silent room, the entire desert was illuminated like a lightning bolt in the same brightness as a few midday suns, and the light of the burning flame was seen for about two hundred miles.

Its color is golden, purple, purple, gray, and blue. This light brightened the cracks of every ridge, ridge, and snowball of the nearby mountains with such clearness and smoothness that is indescribable. Which is only imaginable in direct philosophy. This is the beauty that great poets only dreamed of. But their description did not capture this form of beauty. All the scientists present to witness this world's first nuclear explosion had roughly the same reaction. Oppenheimer recalled, “ Some of the people present laughed, a few cried, but most were stunned. Data collected over the next few hours revealed that the explosion was much stronger than expected. Groves told Minister of War Stimson that 15,000 to 2,000 tons.N.An explosion equivalent to T occurred. The steel tower with which the bomb was attached evaporated with great heat.